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    <title type="text">The Law Office of Cosby &amp; Calhoun</title>
    <subtitle type="text">The Law Office of Cosby &#38; Calhoun</subtitle>

    <updated>2026-04-09T16:50:55Z</updated>

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        <entry>
            <author>
									                    <name>On Behalf of The Law Office of Cosby &amp; Calhoun</name>
				            </author>
            <title type="html"><![CDATA[How a firearm can turn a drug charge into a decades-long sentence]]></title>
            <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.charlesccosby.com/blog/2026/02/how-a-firearm-can-turn-a-drug-charge-into-a-decades-long-sentence/" />
            <id>https://www.charlesccosby.com/?p=53242</id>
            <updated>2026-02-16T19:30:06Z</updated>
            <published>2026-02-16T19:30:06Z</published>
					<taxo:topics><![CDATA[-]]></taxo:topics>
            <summary type="html"><![CDATA[A drug charge is serious, but adding a firearm to the equation changes the nature of the case entirely. Under the U.S. Code, the mere presence of a gun during a drug trafficking crime triggers mandatory minimum sentences that can easily turn a few years of prison into several decades. Defendants and their families must understand the charge because it…]]></summary>
			                <content type="html" xml:base="https://www.charlesccosby.com/blog/2026/02/how-a-firearm-can-turn-a-drug-charge-into-a-decades-long-sentence/"><![CDATA[A drug charge is serious, but adding a firearm to the equation changes the nature of the case entirely. Under the <a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/924" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-wpel-link="external">U.S. Code</a>, the mere presence of a gun during a drug trafficking crime triggers mandatory minimum sentences that can easily turn a few years of prison into several decades.

Defendants and their families must understand the charge because it falls outside standard sentencing guidelines, as these are not flexible ranges. They are minimum sentences set by law that a judge must apply.
<h2>

The “stacking” effect: consecutive vs. concurrent</h2>
&nbsp;

In federal court, a major impact of a firearm enhancement is that the sentence must be consecutive, often called “stacking.” In many state cases, sentences for different crimes often run concurrently, meaning at the same time.

But a conviction must be served after the sentence for the related drug charge. For example: If someone gets 5 years for drug distribution and is also convicted under 924(c), they must serve the 5-year firearm sentence after the first 5 years. The sentences do not overlap. The gun sentence starts only when the drug sentence ends.

&nbsp;
<h2>The possession of a firearm standard</h2>
&nbsp;

Many people think someone must use a gun or point it at someone to be charged. That is not always true. Prosecutors only need to prove the firearm was <a href="https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title18.2/chapter7/section18.2-308.4/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-wpel-link="external">possessed at the same time</a> as a drug offense. This means the government can claim the gun was there to protect the drugs, protect the cash, or give the defendant more confidence to deal drugs, amongst other argument.

For instance, if a gun is found in the same home as a large amount of drugs for sale (even if it is in a safe or under a mattress) federal prosecutors in Richmond often argue it helped the drug operation.
<h2>

Mandatory minimums: what is at stake?</h2>
The <a href="https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R45075" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-wpel-link="external">penalties under 924(c)</a> increase based on how the firearm was involved:
<ul>
 	<li aria-level="1">Possession: 5-year mandatory minimum</li>
 	<li aria-level="1">Brandishing (showing the gun): 7-year mandatory minimum</li>
 	<li aria-level="1">Discharging (firing the gun): 10-year mandatory minimum</li>
</ul>
Defending against a 924(c) charge requires more than just arguing the drugs weren't yours. <a href="/criminal-defense/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-wpel-link="internal">A skilled lawyer</a> can question the link between the firearm and the alleged drug activity. Consult with them to review your options.

&nbsp;]]></content>
						        </entry>
	        <entry>
            <author>
									                    <name>On Behalf of The Law Office of Cosby &amp; Calhoun</name>
				            </author>
            <title type="html"><![CDATA[How do federal points affect a weapons case?]]></title>
            <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.charlesccosby.com/blog/2026/02/how-do-federal-points-affect-a-weapons-case/" />
            <id>https://www.charlesccosby.com/?p=53241</id>
            <updated>2026-02-16T12:10:56Z</updated>
            <published>2026-02-16T12:10:56Z</published>
					<taxo:topics><![CDATA[-]]></taxo:topics>
            <summary type="html"><![CDATA[If you face federal firearm charges in Virginia, a specific scoring system heavily influences your future. The U.S. Sentencing Guidelines provide a framework that courts use to calculate a recommended prison sentence. This process involves a formula where the final score depends on specific factors that you may not realize are part of the equation. Factors that increase a base…]]></summary>
			                <content type="html" xml:base="https://www.charlesccosby.com/blog/2026/02/how-do-federal-points-affect-a-weapons-case/"><![CDATA[If you face federal firearm charges in Virginia, a specific scoring system heavily influences your future. The U.S. Sentencing Guidelines provide a framework that courts use to calculate a recommended prison sentence. This process involves a formula where the final score depends on specific factors that you may not realize are part of the equation.
<h2>Factors that increase a base offense score</h2>
The court assigns a base offense level to every federal crime. Certain characteristics of the firearm or the incident then add points to that base level. For example, if a firearm was stolen, the court typically adds two levels to the score. An obliterated serial number can result in an increase of four levels.

The U.S. Sentencing Commission also considers the specific type of weapon involved in the case. Firearms that meet specific legal definitions, such as machine guns or sawed-off shotguns, often start at a much higher base level. These calculations are part of a deliberate procedural phase involving a pre-sentence report and a formal hearing.
<h2>The risk of relevant conduct enhancements</h2>
Federal judges look at the "relevant conduct" surrounding an arrest to finalize a score. Consequently, a person can receive a higher sentence recommendation based on facts that were not part of the original charge. If a prosecutor shows that a weapon was present during a separate offense, the points will increase.

These adjustments move a defendant higher on <a href="https://www.ussc.gov/guidelines/2025-guidelines-manual/annotated-2025-chapter-5#:~:text=PART%20A%20%E2%80%93%20SENTENCING,guideline%20range%20follows%3A" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-wpel-link="external">the sentencing grid</a>. While the guidelines are advisory rather than mandatory, they remain the primary benchmark for judges. Understanding serious criminal defense strategies is necessary when these calculations work against you. Each point added to the score represents the potential for more time in a federal facility.
<h2>Protect your rights against guideline increases</h2>
The federal system does not offer parole. Because every point on the sentencing table translates to actual days and years, you must address the specific enhancements early in the process.

<a href="https://www.charlesccosby.com/gun-crimes/" data-wpel-link="internal">Challenging the evidence</a> behind a "stolen" status or the technical classification of a firearm can change the outcome of a case. Consider speaking with a local attorney to learn how these laws apply to your case.]]></content>
						        </entry>
	        <entry>
            <author>
									                    <name>On Behalf of Cosby &amp; Calhoun</name>
				            </author>
            <title type="html"><![CDATA[A Virginia DUI may have these 5 consequences]]></title>
            <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.charlesccosby.com/blog/2024/01/a-virginia-dui-may-have-these-5-consequences/" />
            <id>https://www.charlesccosby.com/?p=52699</id>
            <updated>2024-01-02T17:42:14Z</updated>
            <published>2024-01-02T17:42:14Z</published>
					<taxo:topics><![CDATA[-]]></taxo:topics>
            <summary type="html"><![CDATA[When a Virginia police officer makes a suspected drunk driving arrest, it activates a series of events within the criminal justice system. Whether you’re struggling with alcohol addiction or had a momentary lapse in judgment when you got behind the wheel, if the police have arrested you, you must navigate the system as the court fully adjudicates your case. This…]]></summary>
			                <content type="html" xml:base="https://www.charlesccosby.com/blog/2024/01/a-virginia-dui-may-have-these-5-consequences/"><![CDATA[<p style="font-weight: 400">When a Virginia police officer makes a suspected drunk driving arrest, it activates a series of events within the criminal justice system. Whether you’re struggling with alcohol addiction or had a momentary lapse in judgment when you got behind the wheel, if the police have arrested you, you must navigate the system as the court fully adjudicates your case. This process can be highly complex and stressful. A DUI typically carries numerous repercussions, even if a conviction does not occur.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400">It’s helpful to have a support system in place from the start, including someone who is knowledgeable regarding Virginia DUI laws and understands how the criminal justice system functions. It’s less stressful if you have someone on your side who can inform you and clarify any laws or portions of the process that you don’t understand.</p>

<h2 style="font-weight: 400">Possible repercussions of a DUI arrest</h2>
<p style="font-weight: 400">While every case is unique, the system itself operates under the same laws and guidelines for every Virginia DUI arrest. The following list shows five common repercussions that may occur if police take you into custody for <a href="https://www.verywellmind.com/if-you-get-a-dui-67215" data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">suspected drunk driving</a>:</p>

<ul>
 	<li>You will, at some point, face a judge following a DUI arrest.</li>
 	<li>You will end up in a jail cell, either temporarily until bail is set and paid or until you go before a judge.</li>
 	<li>If you refused a Breathalyzer after a lawful arrest, you will incur a driver’s license suspension.</li>
 	<li>A conviction will no doubt include paying a fine as part of sentencing.</li>
 	<li>Auto insurance premiums may double or triple following a DUI conviction.</li>
</ul>
<p style="font-weight: 400">In addition to these repercussions, a criminal court judge might order you to undergo an alcohol addiction evaluation or enter a rehabilitation program. You might serve time in jail or on probation as well.</p>

<h2 style="font-weight: 400">A DUI can affect your professional and private life</h2>
<p style="font-weight: 400">If you’re a licensed professional, your license may be at risk if you’re arrested for DUI in Virginia. A drunk driving arrest is often embarrassing and can negatively affect your reputation in your community. It can also impede your relationship with loved ones and friends.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400">The police may have arrested you following a motor vehicle collision where another person or people suffered injury or death. Such issues intensify the gravity of a DUI arrest. If a fatality has occurred, your life will never be the same.</p>

<h2 style="font-weight: 400">There is no such thing as a “minor” drunk driving incident</h2>
<p style="font-weight: 400">It’s a big mistake to underestimate the possible repercussions of a Virginia DUI. Even if no accident occurred or it was your first offense, there’s no such thing as walking away from a drunk driving arrest without consequences.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400">However, not every <a href="https://www.charlesccosby.com/criminal-defense/dui-and-serious-traffic-offenses/" data-wpel-link="internal">DUI arrest</a> is lawful, and not every case results in conviction. This is why it’s best to secure legal support as soon as an arrest has taken place. Having someone on hand to act as your personal advocate increases your chances of achieving the best outcome possible in court.</p>]]></content>
						        </entry>
	        <entry>
            <author>
									                    <name>On Behalf of Cosby &amp; Calhoun</name>
				            </author>
            <title type="html"><![CDATA[Virginia laws on misdemeanor versus felony DUI]]></title>
            <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.charlesccosby.com/blog/2023/09/virginia-laws-on-misdemeanor-versus-felony-dui/" />
            <id>https://www.charlesccosby.com/?p=52698</id>
            <updated>2023-09-27T19:21:20Z</updated>
            <published>2023-09-27T19:21:20Z</published>
					<taxo:topics><![CDATA[-]]></taxo:topics>
            <summary type="html"><![CDATA[In Virginia, penalties under conviction of drunk driving are quite severe. For a first offense, and even in some subsequent cases, convictions are handed down as misdemeanor crimes. Many people mistakenly believe this term is synonymous with the phrase “not serious,” which couldn’t be further from the truth. In fact, if the court convicts you of DUI charges, certain issues…]]></summary>
			                <content type="html" xml:base="https://www.charlesccosby.com/blog/2023/09/virginia-laws-on-misdemeanor-versus-felony-dui/"><![CDATA[<p style="font-weight: 400">In Virginia, penalties under conviction of drunk driving are quite severe. For a first offense, and even in some subsequent cases, convictions are handed down as misdemeanor crimes. Many people mistakenly believe this term is synonymous with the phrase “not serious,” which couldn’t be further from the truth. In fact, if the court convicts you of DUI charges, certain issues might prompt a mandatory stay in jail for up to 10 days, even for a first offense.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400">One of the issues that influence the court regarding sentencing for a misdemeanor, first-offense DUI, is blood alcohol content (BAC). If you registered a BAC between .15 and .20, you would undoubtedly go to jail for at least five days. Time spent behind bars increases as BAC increases.</p>

<h2 style="font-weight: 400">3 is the key number for subsequent DUI offense in Virginia</h2>
<p style="font-weight: 400">If a Virginia police officer arrests you for suspected DUI, and the court hands down a conviction three times within 10 years, the court will sentence you for a felony crime for the third offense -- not a misdemeanor. Upon conviction of a felony, a person loses certain liberties, such as the right to possess a firearm and the right to vote in a presidential election.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400">Fines you might have to pay in this type of situation start at $1,000. You might also spend 90 days (about 3 months) in jail. In fact, if the three offenses occurred in a 5-year period as opposed to 10, the minimum mandatory jail sentence is six months, but could be longer.</p>

<h2 style="font-weight: 400">Virginia DUI laws include seizure of your vehicle</h2>
<p style="font-weight: 400">If the court rules that you used your vehicle to commit a <a href="https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title18.2/chapter7/section18.2-270/" data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">felony DUI</a>, the state will confiscate your car. Think of how this might affect your ability to function daily, such as transportation to work or going to the grocery store. In some cases, Virginia law allows an individual to request a “hardship” license, which is a restricted driver’s license, if the court has suspended your license for drunk driving.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400">It is critical that you understand the DUI charges you are facing in Virginia, especially whether alleged crime is classified as a misdemeanor or a felony. Either one may have a significant impact on the outcome of your case. As in all criminal investigations, you have a right to the opportunity to refute the charges against you, which most people choose to do by asking an experienced criminal attorney to act on their behalf in court.</p>]]></content>
						        </entry>
	        <entry>
            <author>
									                    <name>On Behalf of Cosby &amp; Calhoun</name>
				            </author>
            <title type="html"><![CDATA[Difference between juvenile court and adult criminal court]]></title>
            <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.charlesccosby.com/blog/2023/07/difference-between-juvenile-court-and-adult-criminal-court/" />
            <id>https://www.charlesccosby.com/?p=52631</id>
            <updated>2024-03-08T18:04:37Z</updated>
            <published>2023-07-07T20:30:23Z</published>
					<taxo:topics><![CDATA[-]]></taxo:topics>
            <summary type="html"><![CDATA[If you’re one of many Virginia parents whose teenager has recently faced an arrest and charges for a crime (e.g., DUI underage, theft, drugs, etc.), there are local resources available to help you navigate the system. If you haven’t already spoken with a social worker, this is often a first step toward building a strong support network for your son…]]></summary>
			                <content type="html" xml:base="https://www.charlesccosby.com/blog/2023/07/difference-between-juvenile-court-and-adult-criminal-court/"><![CDATA[<p style="font-weight: 400;">If you’re one of many Virginia parents whose teenager has recently faced an arrest and charges for a crime (e.g., DUI underage, theft, drugs, etc.), there are local resources available to help you navigate the system. If you haven’t already spoken with a social worker, this is often a first step toward building a strong support network for your son or daughter. It’s also helpful to learn as much as you can about juvenile court, which differs in several ways from adult criminal court.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">The legal definition of “juvenile” is any person who has not yet reached his or her 18th birthday. People under 18 are typically less mature than adults and have not fully developed their reasoning and critical thinking skills. The court understands this and, therefore, approaches criminal proceedings differently for youth than it does for adults.</p>

<h2 style="font-weight: 400;">Juvenile court means there will be a hearing, not a trial</h2>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">If your child stands accused of illegal drug activity, underage drinking, shoplifting, car theft, vandalism or another crime, he or she might be worried about having to go to court to stand before a judge. One of the main differences between the juvenile justice system and an adult criminal court is that <a href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/juvenile/stats/juvvsadult.html" data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">juveniles face a hearing</a> as opposed to a trial.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">When an adult stands trial, proceedings are based solely on legal facts. For juveniles, however, the court considers a defendant’s social history, family life and numerous other factors during a hearing, in addition to legal facts. Teenagers often have extenuating circumstances that are relevant to their poor judgment or lack of prudence, which may have led to their involvement in activities that prompted an arrest. The court takes all of it into consideration when making decisions in juvenile court.</p>

<h2 style="font-weight: 400;">The juvenile justice system is rehabilitative in nature</h2>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">When a Virginia judge convicts an adult of a crime, he or she renders a sentence as punishment. This might include substantial fines, an order to perform community service or time in jail. If your son or daughter faces conviction in a juvenile court, the basis of sentencing is rehabilitative rather than penalizing.</p>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">For instance, if a hearing reveals that your son or daughter has a drug problem, and the judge hands down a conviction, sentencing might include a mandated stay in a rehab facility. If there are family problems at home or your child shows signs of mental illness, etc., the court focuses on trying to help the juvenile in question resolve the issues that are having a negative effect on his or her life.</p>

<h2 style="font-weight: 400;">Helping your child through juvenile justice proceedings</h2>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">Don’t be afraid to ask questions and to seek outside support if <a href="/criminal-defense/juvenile-offenses/" data-wpel-link="internal">your child has been taken into the custody of Virginia police</a>. You have a right to be present during all questioning and to assist your son or daughter to obtain guidance and support throughout proceedings.</p>]]></content>
						        </entry>
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